Selecting steel anchors for monolithic refractory linings
Part 2: Major failure mechanisms
Summary: The correct selection of steel anchors for monolithic linings is critically important as the integrity of the anchor in a refractory lining as it is one factor in determining the life of the lining. To more accurately determine stresses in refractory anchors numerical analyses must be carried out. Creep rupture stress and oxidation rates are two critical parameters that need to be taken into account. Part 1 of this article focuses on the basics, Part 2 on major failure mechanisms.
6 Sigma phase in refractory anchor materials
It is known from technical articles (e. g. [10]) that some stainless steels can degrade under various thermal conditions, e.g. 310ss forms a complex chromium-rich intermetallic compound, known as sigma phase in the temperature range of 500 °C to 900 °C. The amount of sigma phase formed increases with time if the steel is held at reasonable constant temperatures. The formation of this chromium complex is commonly held to be undesirable as it may change the metallurgical properties of the steel. Sigma phase has a variable composition depending on a...
